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V1, VR and V2: what they mean and how to calculate them
Three speeds define every jet takeoff. Here is what each one means, how they relate, and a free calculator that works them out for your airport and weight.
V1: decision speed
Up to V1 the crew can reject the takeoff and stop on the runway. After V1 they continue, even if an engine fails. V1 depends on weight, runway length, wind, temperature, flap setting and runway condition.
VR: rotation speed
VR is the speed at which the pilot starts to pull back to lift the nose. VR can never be lower than V1.
V2: takeoff safety speed
V2 is the speed to hold after lift-off. It is chosen so that the aircraft still climbs safely with one engine out. As a rule of thumb it is about 1.13 times the stall speed in the takeoff configuration.
Why the numbers change
- Heavier: all three speeds go up, and the runway needed grows.
- Hotter or higher: thinner air means higher true speeds and longer runs.
- More flaps: lower speeds and a shorter ground run, but less climb performance.
- Wet runway: longer stopping distance, so V1 is lower.
Use the calculator
Type an airport code, pick the runway, set weight and weather, and read V1, VR and V2. Open the runway visualizer to watch where each speed happens.
Questions
Is V1 the speed where I should lift off?
No. V1 is the last point at which you can stop. You rotate at VR, which is at or above V1.
Can V1 equal VR?
Yes. On a short or limiting runway they are often the same number.
How accurate are these results?
They come from a simplified model suited to simulators, not from manufacturer charts. Use Match my sim to align them with your aircraft.
More tools and guides
- Takeoff speedsV1, VR, V2, trim, flex
- Landing speedsVref, Vapp, distance
- Runway visualizerWatch the roll
- 737 FMCRoute, legs, performance
- Route plannerDistance, TOD, fuel
- AirportsRunways for 6,000+ airports
For flight simulation use only. The results come from a simplified physics model, not from manufacturer data, and must never be used for real-world flight planning.